LINGUISTICS
There are some
definitions of linguistic. Varga argued that linguistics is the scientific
study of language, including the sounds, words, and grammar rules. Another
definition of linguistics is scientific in the sense that the study of language
must be subjected to the scientific processes of observation, data collection,
formulation of hypothesis, analysis of data and formulation of theory based on the
structure of the language. Nasr (1984) in Hadi argued that linguistics is
concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human
behavior and of the human abilities. From some statements above, it can be
conclude that linguistics is a study of language. While language is a system by
which sounds, signs and gestures are used to communicate meaning. For humans, a
system of speech sounds or signs which constitute linguistic knowledge of both
speaker and addressee convey and receive information.
The branches of Linguistic are:
A.
General linguistic generally describes the concepts and
categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides
analyzed theory of the language. On the other hand, descriptive linguistic
describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular
language explained generally.
B.
Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal
view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to
other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Micro
linguistics covers the basic components or constituents of a language. This is
also referred to as theoretical linguistics. Theoretical linguists study the
structural aspects of language under the broad label of grammar. Some fields of
micro linguistic:
Ø Phonetics. It is the study of the production, physical properties and
perception of the actual sounds realizing the phonemes and of the suprasegmental elements
of speech. Phonetics is
divided into three sub-branches : 1) articulatory
phonetics, which is the study of made or articulated, 2) acoustic phonetics, which is the study
of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication, and 3) auditory phonetics, which is the study
of how speech sounds are perceived by the ear, auditory nerve, and brain.
Ø Phonology. It is the study of sound patterns of language, how speech
sounds are grouped by speaker to effect communication. There are several
different kinds of phonology processes: 1) Assimilations,
which are process that make two adjacent sound more alike with respect to some
feature, 2) Deletions, which are
processes that eliminate a sound, 3) Dissimilations,
which are processes that make two adjacent sounds less alike with respect to
some feature, and 4) Insertions,
which are processes that add a sound.
Ø Morphology. It the study of internal structures of words and how they
can be modified. Morphology accounts for word formation in languages. The basic
unit of analysis in morphology is called the ‘morpheme’. A morpheme is defined as
the minimal meaningful unit of grammatical analysis.
Ø Syntax. It is the study of the structure of sentences and of
underlying principles for generating and processing them. It links together
sound patterns and the meaning.
Ø Semantics. It is the study of the meaning of words (lexical
semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to
form the meanings of sentences
Ø Pragmatics. It is the study of how utterances are used (literally,
figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts.
C.
Macro-linguistics refers to aspects of linguistic study
which involve the application of the findings of theoretical linguistics to the
analysis of language in use. It is also called Applied Linguistics, because it
involves the application of linguistics in relation to other disciplines. It is
concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and
how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
Ø Evolutionary linguistics, the study of
the origin and subsequent development of language.
Ø Psycholinguistics, the study of
language and mind. Psycholinguistics is concerned with the psychological
mechanism underlying speech production and reception. It also studies how
children acquire their first language, speech perception, and loss of the
ability to use and understand language. It covers the cognitive processes that
make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of
vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it
possible to understand the utterance, word, text, etc.
Ø Sociolinguistics, the study of society
on the way language is used. The main aim of sociolinguistics is to study
language in its social and cultural context. This includes the study of
language in a society or speech community; language varieties; and language functions.
Sociolinguistics relates the differences observed in language use to the
problems that arise from those societal aspects.
Ø Clinical linguistics, the application
of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology. The central
focus of Clinical Linguistics is the application of the principles and methods
of linguistics and phonetics to communication impairment in children and
adults. Clinical linguistics plays a key role in the description, analysis and
remediation of communication impairment.
Ø Neurolinguistics, the study of the
brain networks that underlie grammar and communication.
Ø Biolinguistics, the study of natural as
well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human
language.
Ø Stylistics, the study of language and
literature .It studies the features of situationally distinctive uses
(varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of
accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social grousing
the use of language.
Ø Computational linguistics, an interdisciplinary
field dealing with the statistical
and/or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.
This modeling is not limited to any particular field of linguistics.
Traditionally, computational linguistics was usually performed by computer
scientists who had specialized in the application of computers to the
processing of a natural language.
Ø Historical linguistics or Diachronic
linguistics, the study of language change and evolution (historical study). The
aim of such investigations was to arrive at general hypotheses about how
languages change over time.
Ø Ethnolinguistics, a field of linguistic
anthropology which studies the language of a particular ethnic group. It is often
associated with regions where ethnicity plays a major role in language
description and status. Ethnolinguists study
the way perception and conceptualization influences language, and show
how this is linked to different cultures and societies
References:
Ahmadin, Dimjati. 2012. Levels of Meaning in
Semantic Course.Unpublished book. Malang: FKIP Universitas Islam
Malang.
Alkhazali, Ali. 2012. What are
Some the Branches of Linguistics? (online),
(http://www.arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/alialkhazali/files/Lecture%20N2.pdf. Accessed in October 14, 2013).
Ofulue, Christine I. 2009. Introduction to Linguistics. Nigeria: National Open University of
Nigeria
Varga, Laszlo. 2010. Introduction to English Linguistics a Companion to the Seminar.
Budapest: Eὄtvὄs Lorάnd University.
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